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History of the photo ID

"For a quick and easy identification and certain," Bests "There is a photograph"

On October 9, 1804, the governor of Massachusetts issued a passport to a man claiming to be Joseph Warren Revere, son of the famous patriot Paul Revere. The passport has no description, signature and certainly no picture of Joseph Revere.

Six months later, in England, man himself, apply for another passport, providing the documentation for your first passport and a letter allegedly from his father. Charge d'Affairs U.S. Legation has the passport to March 15, 1805. This time the document signed by Joseph Revere, included a brief description of it.

These passports issued with the same man, the Man Who claims to be Joseph Warren Revere, son of Paul Revere? The governor of Massachusetts, may have been able to certify the identity of Revere, but You Can say the same charge d'affaires in London and the Consul in Rotterdam? Could man described by the charge of "more light" complexion, with a "common" before and "large" chin, described only three weeks later as having a brown complexion, with a "weak" ahead and "chin normal?

In fact, the owner of such passports was precisely who said he was - Joseph Warren Revere, son of the famous patriot. But discrepancies in documents, lack positive identification and susceptibility to damage, forgery, alteration, misappropriation, highlight the challenges facing the modern identification technology. Are we what we say we are? Can you prove it? The identification document can be produced easily, quickly and cheaply? Is it functional and say to use? Is it durable and permanent?

Concern for the positive identification is a relatively recent phenomenon. For most of recorded history there was little need for a positive identification because the They rarely traveled outside their own city or province. When they did, there was little interest in identity documents, because most cane people could not write.

However, for the elite engaged in foreign travel, the use of passports may be attributed to 450 BC According to the Bible (Nehemiah 2:7), the king of Persia issued a passport to Nehemiah, the governor appointed to article Palestine, "if it please the king, the letters give me something to provincial governors across the river that can let me pass through until I come to Judah. "

Previous to 1796 U.S. passports do not contain descriptions of their hosts, probably because assumed that the "gentlemen" whose moral standards are opposed to misinformation and for which an inspection of their physical characteristics, would be considered as an insult.

Time and codified moral change. At the end of the War of Independence, the Continental Congress created the Department of Foreign Affairs (which later became the Department of State) responsible, inter alia, the granting of passports. From 1976, passports United States issued abroad must include physical descriptions. In 1811, the same requirement has been extended for passports issued Washington.

Some state and local passports until 1856, when Congress has limited the role of the federal law department State. With the exception of periods of war, passports are not required for international travel until 1914, previously limited to government to ask the Government for assistance and safe passage for its citizens.

Photography Introduction
With the invention of practice of portrait photography by Louis Daguerre in 1839, became possible in the real creation and definition of images of people. But even the greatest inventions of the time to spread throughout society. The picture was further complicated and specialized with a small number of professionals until 1888, when George Eastman introduced the Kodak camera box 1. The aircraft was loaded with film and was returned to the factory for processing, printing, and recharging. In the first Two Years 1000.000 cameras were sold.

One of the first applications The identification of photography has been a test of 1906 by the U.S. War Department to add images to your personal records.

It was not until 1915 that the photographs Behaves need U.S. passports. Until then, U.S. passports have been printed on a sheet paper and contained essentially the same information as the design, ornamentation and the use of seals. Six years later passports were printed on paper watermarked to protect against forgery.

Internally, to prevent spies, saboteurs and "fifth column "infiltrating the defense plants and other industries to sustain production in wartime, the government has ordered employers to document photo and fingerprints of all employees access to sensitive areas and issue photo ID that could be easily controlled by security personnel. For most employers, is the first time that the safety of employees and identification has become a major issue in the workplace.

Unlike military identification tasks, where one department has determined that the order would be met, the application was left in the hands of employers, subject to approval by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Order results a bit difficult.

Some employers have acted independently. Others, such as 157 companies in Racine, Wisconsin, has formed a Manufacturers Association has published a standard identification for all workers in defense led to two Racine popular solutions - the photo button and the picture ID. Dozens of home and commercial systems where the camera is designed for this purpose.

Photo buttons come in a variety forms, usually 1 ½ - 2 inches in diameter and constructed two in diameter and constructed two pieces of copper. The back plate is solid metal which was placed a photo and coverage of acetate. The bronze plaque at the center was opened to allow the exhibition of pictures though and had the name and location the company has raised around its front perimeter. The set was inserted in the press that the hand folded around the rim of the plate plate back. Any attempt to remove the acetate or open the bronze medal was easy to see.

While companies can send employees to local photographers for their portraits, many sought a system that maintains the photographic process under its control, maximizing safety, reduce costs and keep their workers on the site.

ID Systems ago
A high volume of camera ID has been developed for the identification of war Graflex unit, developed by Folmer Graflex Corporation in Rochester, NY had prefocused a 75 mm lens and interchangeable film magazine with a capacity of up to 100 feet of 35mm film. A full charge of the camera can take up to 800 pictures without recharging.

Graflex camera was attached to an adjustable platform that can be raised or down to accommodate the subject, who was photographed standing before a picture of the breast on the front of the platform. In front of the camera on the end of the platform has been an ID holder, in normal operation of the system could photograph 200 people per hour. One user reported that the man photographed 480 people per hour.

Companies who do not have access to the Graflex camera or a similar unit, or could not not afford a system come with their own solutions. One such company was the Columbian Steel Tank Co. of Kansas City, Missouri.

In an article reprinted in various industry publications in 1942 advertising director of the RS Robinson describes in detail how the Colombian rebuilt camera system similar in design and functionality to the system Graflex. Equipped with a Digital Slr Camera Kodak Brownie $ 6.35, a curtain of window of a backdrop, two lighting stands and a light punch, the total cost of the system was $ 30. Each stop recharged after each 12 pictures, the system was able to photograph 60-75 hourly employees - and as a Murphy bed, double against the wall when it is not used.

The Graflex, Colombians and other similar systems have been head and shoulders portrait photos to create buttons and badges made. For organizations that want a more secure identity cards, cameras and systems have been developed for produce a single piece, all the picture cards.

Typical of these was a system with two cameras manufactured by Sam Kitrosser to produce identity cards Massachusetts Public Safety Commission. Kitrosser built a box equipped with the portrait and the lights of documents and two unique device Ansco Memo 35 mm camera mounted on top. A camera (loaded with a film portrait) facing the object and the other (for the copy of the film with high contrast) taken in a mirror inside the box. Placed on the bottom made the subject of the file.

Each unit had masks the film plane, block all but the field of portrait and other lock image, allowing the sheet to be photographed. Sandwich two negative together, could be both printed to produce an identity card of all data with the photo and the portrait on a sheet of photo paper. As a map in one piece, it was very difficult to change images, without trying to be obvious.

Within four months the period in 1942, Kitrosser and his deputy, and four computers with its system of identification, through Massachusetts, Production 250,000 identity cards for police, fire, transportation and others involved in civil defense and public security.

Duo Monroe House
Although the system was Kitrosser and others as a piece of photo-card from a negative layers, a piece would be negative sure. October 1941 issue of the magazine technical picture shows a system, called Monroe chamber Duo, which may well be considered as the first modern system of photo identification.

Developed by Spencer F. Monroe and marketed by the picture of national identity Corp. of Chicago, Monroe system in a single stage produces a negative effect of a single piece and embodied all the basic functions of art about film today, identifying the issue mainframe

The article explained that Monroe had the idea of the camera in 1937 when he tried to cash a check for $ 200 in hotel charges in Miami. When the cashier asked for identification, Monroe emptied the contents of your wallet on the counter. The cashier replied skeptically. "Lord, all these letters and things could have been intercepted by someone in the street. "

Monroe has finally convinced their identity box, indicating a reduction of the newspaper containing his photograph.

Monroe experience led him to develop a camera system that could turn a single photograph negative data from a portrait signature and fingerprints and written. Four years later, amid concerns about national security, the Monroe Chamber Duo-registered market.

Monroe The aircraft was equipped with fixed focus lens Wollensak two, three traffic lights and two vertical internal document. Ingenious be set-up lenses on opposite sides of the film. The portrayal of the subject photographed and the image projected on the front of the film while the projects lens sheet of the document image information outside of a mirror and back of the film. hide images so carefully avoided interfering with each other.

The camera Monroe has 200 feet of 35mm film and said he was able to photograph a person in five seconds about 250 people in one hour.

The author unidentified Section 1941 recognized the importance of photo identification for the effort war, but added that this prediction on the ingenious system of photo identification Monroe: "... probably the real future of the unit is its ability to identify people in your photo of Mr. Monroe has contributed to Britain's check. "

In fact, photo ID cards have changed little in appearance since the Second World War. The majority, then as now, contains the holder of the photograph, personal information, an identification number, the logo of the organization, and the signature of an officer of the expedition. What has changed since the mid-40's are the methods of production and safety features and functional.

Id Development Specialist
The first mayor of improving the post-war photo identification has been the introduction of 1948 Model 95 Polaroid Land camera instant photo. first offered to the public in a shop in Boston, sepia apparatus developed in one minute. Most images show the customers were standing before a white wall and looking at the camera, as they would if the image will use an identity card. In fact, the level of consumption of Polaroid cameras compounds have been used for identity cards.

The first attempt to turn the camera in the standard identification more specialty products in 1952 was the introduction of Id-Fairchild Camera Polaroid, producing for passport photos on a single sheet Polaroid instant film. The device uses Fairchild Model 95 camera back, which contains the instant film and the development of transportation systems, and replacement of glasses Polaroid / shutter assembly with a mounting Wollensak, stereo image splitter and shifter.

With the objective moved down, the dispatcher sent two stereo images side by side through the lens and the projections in the first half film. No film advance assembly moved to its upright position and a second exposure was made, revealing new images the trailer in the lower half of the film.

The camera system sitting on a tripod Fairchild trailer with lights left and right enlarged image and a name plate and identification number on the camera stand. The subject was confronted with a white chest screen placed on the plate. The camera can create portraits RBI double persons per minute, and allowing 10 minutes to recharge the camera, photography 100 people in one hour.

In 1955, Polaroid has launched its own target-setting beam separation, called the stereo-Tech, which has not require changes in the standard model of the camera 95 and produced two portraits of identification on a single sheet of instant film.

Kitrosser Sam, who had developed an identification system of the camera in time of war, in terms of Polaroid after the war and later moved to Itek Corp. In 1961, the unit developed Itek Quad, a matter of four lenses using the model Workhorse 95 Polaroid instant camera from his theater. The camera lens four employees of high quality and professional vision optics that makes good use of studio lighting and camera-mounted lights. A system of lens cover allows the operator to take all or part of four images at once.

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